һ£ǵԺ븱ԺñǵȨޡ
¹شԾʾԶɿغ˾۱乤̻صѯľ
֪ȥҲİá
ڵõǵʹȨҲе֪ߵµͼʵйұƵĵͼ汾
һ汾ð棬Ȼû٩ΪȱµͼɷϵǣȻĿǰߣϢͣгĵͼ
ڶ汾Ǿð棬˻⣬ʶȵʵʱ鿴Ч
Ϊʲôʶȵ
һֻλϢʵʱλǰԱ
ڶ³ܣֻҪ100ֻ̨ϸ٣ߵµͼĵٰѳٽٵij٣ͿΪһ³
³⼼ԭǶλij·εû·ͨٶȺʱбշġ
ȵͬԭǰԱѾۼðĸߵµͼ棬ѸõҪǿѲߡ
Ǿð汾̶Ⱥ͵ַϸ̶ȣͨġ
ô˵ɣȥijسǣֵɽõͼм¼ͱš
ǰֻͼǸֺͱţҪDzСĶһݣɡϾ·ͥ
˸֪ǣߵµͼйұ⣬ߵܸʶ
Լİ壬ߵûһ̳ɣֱӱʾṩ֧֡
˵Ϳշе⣬æǰħ
˺ħ쵼Եˣ˳˹ħǨһ¡
һǰ¡
Ȼסʱãҵǣ˹ħǨչʮ˳
ĴϣʡĸϽþþϽѡѺϽȽϹ˾Լ̼άǿϡάǿϵȸϲϹ˾ټϡȷǽϹ˾Ӵ˲ܡ
ͲܣûͷҵԳ¡
عܴܰθߣصβҵӾҵλ
ڶڶԣ˶ĵһ
Ϊ˾ҵλǾͲҪ磬
ǮҲڵػΪؾעˮƽӵ˰գ쵼ҲиǮеĻʩγѭ
ڳ˵ʡعҵԴḻЧ쳵ɱ˫Ӯľ档
Ǩ˹ħԼħ̸£ַ㸮Ե㡣
ȦӾôҪڱϹԵϢ㸮쵼ҲѸ٣˵ֱӸ
ˣֱͬ
DzҪ࣬㸮Ե¡
̸˱ϹԵ㣬ְ˹鴦ãҲԼڡ
ȥ
ǸطλͿŴϢ
뵺ʩͻǧ⽨ƻ
ͷóDzص˽ȥ
ºӳһŰصƬ鿴Ļܿһ˾ߵĴͼƬ
жˣ
ʵһdz顣
˳˰˹ݣϹϣйµġ
˹ʼDZë̽մֻ֣ڷֺ˶ӵ㣬غΪϿʮֳ1799걻ëΪ
1856꣬ëڿսʧգ˹ֽеߵֳؼôëҲ֪Ҫ
ټϰ˹ӵλë̫ܺԶҵԴûб֣ëܲŲò۰˹Ӹ
ѿ˹ӵʷԭģһëԶ
ɰأ
IJǷɵأǸٺ
ʵѡ
ͨ·Ϳֱ
ʷԭ
òҲûС
Ǿԭ
۹ʱҲû뵽ĸ衣
Ϊ˸õġԹϡǻʹüר磬İ罻ý塣
һˣ
ý廹̫ˡ
ǿˣǿֹͣĺر·
һ˾Ѳͱߡ
ʱİýƽ̨ں͵ڸdzòɿҩζʮ㡣
[ɯ]úãú̶ͣӣŪһӦǣǴȥ
[ɼ֮]ǸǮزý裬ǾåûһԼҰˣ
[ĵ]ǽû˵ý䳵ܾ
[Ұƾ]·ߺգѺǵ˾Ŀͣ˵ý˸ѽ·
[ŵ˹]ǵжAϾͺˣڰǾ̤룬Ȼҿһˣһˣ
[½]Ⱥ쵰
ǵڷŭ߲ҲΪŭ
ԭúúõģͿԾٹǨû뵽߲Ȼˣˡ
߲Ұ߲ԭȴ˼ѹҲκɡ
һαŸõԽܻߣ躣
ֿǵȺϵ
ǴҪǣͷһŷ˵ľˣгԱа
Ҷ
ÿǸ档
ĿǰƾǻҩͰ˵ͱˣء
ҲˣֻܼԺͰ̸С
ɰ̬Ȼ
Ų
һʼſװǣû뵽ĹԹԸǮϵ
екƭŮϴǰ˵컨ͲժŮºҪȥʵ֣Dz˼˼Ӿߡ
оϵ˵ĵ߲㲻òӾƣΪһĿͣʧҵ˿ܳΪѹõһݡ
ġʽټļϢҵľԽԽ
СͨͣòƲеĹҷѾ˷ֽҽ֧
˵̩ҵ֧ŵĹң̩ξö±ֵ40%̷Ѿ̩գҲһʱһҡ
Ϊʲô˵ң
ܼ
ȽϽ
ǰ̩εˣҲˡ
Ҳ֪䣬̩Ӳͨ
̩ҶʼʹңֹʻĴơ
˺ӵΣծΪڳڴ洢ҡ
ڳ˰СʱϣҲɵ÷չȥҿ϶𣬳ΪͨĻңʱǾ˾õĶȨ
ʲôǾõĶȨ
˵ˣ羭ϴ
ijǿͨԣȫҵϿɶȼߣɾͱܿ˽ΣԽԽǿ
عνΣòƶû飬ûϡ
أ
̩̩գֱһ겻Ϊιҡ
պ1997ΣҵҵƿأΪѪ
жĵΣƿʯͺͻƽ
һǣ˵֡
Ͼë˿飬Һ浶ǹƴ
ëܣ״ȴdzʵͲһĵơ
ң¬ע⣬ǻԣҪõ𣬲ûɣٷְ
ңҲơ
ȫ綼ϿĻңϿľãô
֡ǿҲмҳΪ֤ߣԼߡ
ƽҲûԹϣǴ䣬ʼŵ顣
һߡ
Oзء
ҦȵӻʹԱOŵзѾͣ
ڷOܲ⣬Ӧծ
OţǮ
OţǮ
OţǮ
ź˻ߡ
еĹӦ̸ͷһģӲľ¡
ʱOŵͳ칫ңҦȺ㲻塣
ƶ塣
ҦԼ˧ǰƶһܿĽ㡣
ûзƶڽмлȴҦҵˡ
ô
㻹ûӦɵͷһԼĽѾҦȵӰΧ
17ˣȽͲ𣿡
ü
ڵְǻٵOţҪٵһҼõİ취ǴȲԱʽ𣬲Ҳκλ顣
Ϊ˴ʱ䣬ҲΪȫǣֻ壬ڹ̶
ͼ̫㣬ñҵҦ°Ūӵ
ҡ
ЦЦͻȻѯʵ˵˵ҪծˣDz𣿡
ûǮҦȷʡ
ڵ͵ŵ³O˱ȻǿƲ
ʱOʲڻծ
һOŹʲǾ˲ռ䣬Ҳǡ֫ƻһ˼ų¡
߲Ȼè壬ٳٲֽѾѣƲķOƲծ
ȶСĿ꣬1סskjvvx;ֻĶַskjvvx
¹شԾʾԶɿغ˾۱乤̻صѯľ
֪ȥҲİá
ڵõǵʹȨҲе֪ߵµͼʵйұƵĵͼ汾
һ汾ð棬Ȼû٩ΪȱµͼɷϵǣȻĿǰߣϢͣгĵͼ
ڶ汾Ǿð棬˻⣬ʶȵʵʱ鿴Ч
Ϊʲôʶȵ
һֻλϢʵʱλǰԱ
ڶ³ܣֻҪ100ֻ̨ϸ٣ߵµͼĵٰѳٽٵij٣ͿΪһ³
³⼼ԭǶλij·εû·ͨٶȺʱбշġ
ȵͬԭǰԱѾۼðĸߵµͼ棬ѸõҪǿѲߡ
Ǿð汾̶Ⱥ͵ַϸ̶ȣͨġ
ô˵ɣȥijسǣֵɽõͼм¼ͱš
ǰֻͼǸֺͱţҪDzСĶһݣɡϾ·ͥ
˸֪ǣߵµͼйұ⣬ߵܸʶ
Լİ壬ߵûһ̳ɣֱӱʾṩ֧֡
˵Ϳշе⣬æǰħ
˺ħ쵼Եˣ˳˹ħǨһ¡
һǰ¡
Ȼסʱãҵǣ˹ħǨչʮ˳
ĴϣʡĸϽþþϽѡѺϽȽϹ˾Լ̼άǿϡάǿϵȸϲϹ˾ټϡȷǽϹ˾Ӵ˲ܡ
ͲܣûͷҵԳ¡
عܴܰθߣصβҵӾҵλ
ڶڶԣ˶ĵһ
Ϊ˾ҵλǾͲҪ磬
ǮҲڵػΪؾעˮƽӵ˰գ쵼ҲиǮеĻʩγѭ
ڳ˵ʡعҵԴḻЧ쳵ɱ˫Ӯľ档
Ǩ˹ħԼħ̸£ַ㸮Ե㡣
ȦӾôҪڱϹԵϢ㸮쵼ҲѸ٣˵ֱӸ
ˣֱͬ
DzҪ࣬㸮Ե¡
̸˱ϹԵ㣬ְ˹鴦ãҲԼڡ
ȥ
ǸطλͿŴϢ
뵺ʩͻǧ⽨ƻ
ͷóDzص˽ȥ
ºӳһŰصƬ鿴Ļܿһ˾ߵĴͼƬ
жˣ
ʵһdz顣
˳˰˹ݣϹϣйµġ
˹ʼDZë̽մֻ֣ڷֺ˶ӵ㣬غΪϿʮֳ1799걻ëΪ
1856꣬ëڿսʧգ˹ֽеߵֳؼôëҲ֪Ҫ
ټϰ˹ӵλë̫ܺԶҵԴûб֣ëܲŲò۰˹Ӹ
ѿ˹ӵʷԭģһëԶ
ɰأ
IJǷɵأǸٺ
ʵѡ
ͨ·Ϳֱ
ʷԭ
òҲûС
Ǿԭ
۹ʱҲû뵽ĸ衣
Ϊ˸õġԹϡǻʹüר磬İ罻ý塣
һˣ
ý廹̫ˡ
ǿˣǿֹͣĺر·
һ˾Ѳͱߡ
ʱİýƽ̨ں͵ڸdzòɿҩζʮ㡣
[ɯ]úãú̶ͣӣŪһӦǣǴȥ
[ɼ֮]ǸǮزý裬ǾåûһԼҰˣ
[ĵ]ǽû˵ý䳵ܾ
[Ұƾ]·ߺգѺǵ˾Ŀͣ˵ý˸ѽ·
[ŵ˹]ǵжAϾͺˣڰǾ̤룬Ȼҿһˣһˣ
[½]Ⱥ쵰
ǵڷŭ߲ҲΪŭ
ԭúúõģͿԾٹǨû뵽߲Ȼˣˡ
߲Ұ߲ԭȴ˼ѹҲκɡ
һαŸõԽܻߣ躣
ֿǵȺϵ
ǴҪǣͷһŷ˵ľˣгԱа
Ҷ
ÿǸ档
ĿǰƾǻҩͰ˵ͱˣء
ҲˣֻܼԺͰ̸С
ɰ̬Ȼ
Ų
һʼſװǣû뵽ĹԹԸǮϵ
екƭŮϴǰ˵컨ͲժŮºҪȥʵ֣Dz˼˼Ӿߡ
оϵ˵ĵ߲㲻òӾƣΪһĿͣʧҵ˿ܳΪѹõһݡ
ġʽټļϢҵľԽԽ
СͨͣòƲеĹҷѾ˷ֽҽ֧
˵̩ҵ֧ŵĹң̩ξö±ֵ40%̷Ѿ̩գҲһʱһҡ
Ϊʲô˵ң
ܼ
ȽϽ
ǰ̩εˣҲˡ
Ҳ֪䣬̩Ӳͨ
̩ҶʼʹңֹʻĴơ
˺ӵΣծΪڳڴ洢ҡ
ڳ˰СʱϣҲɵ÷չȥҿ϶𣬳ΪͨĻңʱǾ˾õĶȨ
ʲôǾõĶȨ
˵ˣ羭ϴ
ijǿͨԣȫҵϿɶȼߣɾͱܿ˽ΣԽԽǿ
عνΣòƶû飬ûϡ
أ
̩̩գֱһ겻Ϊιҡ
պ1997ΣҵҵƿأΪѪ
жĵΣƿʯͺͻƽ
һǣ˵֡
Ͼë˿飬Һ浶ǹƴ
ëܣ״ȴdzʵͲһĵơ
ң¬ע⣬ǻԣҪõ𣬲ûɣٷְ
ңҲơ
ȫ綼ϿĻңϿľãô
֡ǿҲмҳΪ֤ߣԼߡ
ƽҲûԹϣǴ䣬ʼŵ顣
һߡ
Oзء
ҦȵӻʹԱOŵзѾͣ
ڷOܲ⣬Ӧծ
OţǮ
OţǮ
OţǮ
ź˻ߡ
еĹӦ̸ͷһģӲľ¡
ʱOŵͳ칫ңҦȺ㲻塣
ƶ塣
ҦԼ˧ǰƶһܿĽ㡣
ûзƶڽмлȴҦҵˡ
ô
㻹ûӦɵͷһԼĽѾҦȵӰΧ
17ˣȽͲ𣿡
ü
ڵְǻٵOţҪٵһҼõİ취ǴȲԱʽ𣬲Ҳκλ顣
Ϊ˴ʱ䣬ҲΪȫǣֻ壬ڹ̶
ͼ̫㣬ñҵҦ°Ūӵ
ҡ
ЦЦͻȻѯʵ˵˵ҪծˣDz𣿡
ûǮҦȷʡ
ڵ͵ŵ³O˱ȻǿƲ
ʱOʲڻծ
һOŹʲǾ˲ռ䣬Ҳǡ֫ƻһ˼ų¡
߲Ȼè壬ٳٲֽѾѣƲķOƲծ
ȶСĿ꣬1סskjvvx;ֻĶַskjvvx