ɽͻȻ磬Ҳ뵽ǰʱ˵Ľ̸ݣæ½
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ǰʱ˽̸Ѿѡϼƻϸϸһ顣
ò˵½۵ʮбҪ
Ŀǰ˵Aɲ߱ʵΪƶȶڡۡ
˵вƶȡͷƶȡƶȺΥƶȣAɶûơ
۵ͱĹУȫοɹ˵ȽһЩ
ҪʱͶˮؾͱƵ飬ҲɽһֱæϧȡĶ
СͲ˵һһġɽŵijǻشĨЦ⡣
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ǵϴҺ㽲ɣڸ۵ĹʽĴãڵء۵֤峤ᵽϣҲڳʱ䣬úġ
죬۵ʽģҼˡǿֱдʱ͵ص㣬ԷԼǡ
ʽҲİϾǸ۵ı־ԽԻ͵
Ҫʱ䵹ʮ꣬IJǶҲ¼£۵
1891꣬۵˾ЭᣬҲӵ˵һʽĹƱͶг
۵֤ȯʷȴݵ1866ꡣ
1866ʱѾи۵ȥҵĹƱʲļֵͶʡ
19691972䣬۵֤ȯҵԽӷԶ֤ȯ;֤ȯø۵80%ڶͶʡ
ɽԼϢʹҲٴζУʱϾŵӿʼɱٵˡ
ˡ
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¾ͺãҾȹҵ绰ˣȵʱϸĽڵ顣
ţġ
ġ
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ʶֻϨֻõ棬żʼʼͻȻûεΰ
ֻţεΰѾԪı
լ
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һ˵һԪǮȷʵȽϺɱʮְǧ
ΰլζôأҲֲÿĶԪϷ
˼ѡֱӸƵ绰
ȴƵͨ
λá
Ǵк
ŹͷΰǣæֻӦãԷûУ
ãҽСΣεIJƷ
ܺãҽвεָ
ҽ𩣬εܴܲ
εġľͷַҽܣǿЩн˵ȻһЦֱԵãҾͲԼˣֱɣҺʲô
ijܣǵġ3ϾҪ߹ˣź̸̸ϼ˼Ӧ̵顣ΰĿ˵
DZ۶٣
Dz̸עʵ顣
̸ñ˿ͼ
еУ㿴йŶ©ֳܱȤӣΪ̯ǾˣֵԽȤͻԽֵǮ˼˵㣬ֱ̯ˡ
ȷǣ©ĹŶһֱ̯治ʵҪʱԼװ뿪ȶԷԹԾͷ
̵ƹҳdz4000Ұ£طõĻ11Ԫô
ΰۡ
ҲȻڵľͷûӦԼݣû취
ȻԷչ¶ܲۡ
ˡ
Ӧ̵ƹҳ棬40007죬˼ȫӵʮڵջûص2ԪҪ60%ijֵ
ǵʨӿεľͷסˣֻ֪˵Щʲôá
40007죬ǿԽܣϾ˼ƿƶ
ؾҪ2Ԫ
ʵ̫ˣ
Ҫ5000̵ֻͨء3ǾҪ֧1ڸ˼š
ܹÿȶ1ϵľ˾ǾǷëǣҵ̳
ĻȻ60%ijֵ
ܶ˶֪ʲôô˵ɣһϷΪӭֻ̣Ƴó̵汾
˵˾ֻӦ̵صġ3˾˵ٷͨᱻֻ̳Ǯ
60%̫˰ɳܣֻܽ30%ٶĻӪɱ
СλӦ
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ҲԸ⽵ͣҶԴ칫˾ҲۣΪǿȺӣǺ칫˾Ҹôȥ˵
䣬ֲһǵ룬2ѾгıԪϷ3϶ҲбƣɲΪ֥飬ϣǾֿڻġ
ǰ칫˾ᵽ˾
֪칫˾ͬеֶξֻһǾǸƼӹע
ٸӣзϷˣô칫˾зŻơһϷ
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Ϊѡ
ᡣ
֪롣
ΰ𩡢СӲϳԼе仯ҲǾ۵ס
ۿ̸Ҫ뽩֣ǵĿҲﵽˡ
ɡ
ͻȻڣֻĨΪɫ˵ԼʵĿĵڶԪұҲdzȤǵġ2ҲˣdzӱҶǹ˾δչҲʮֿá
ǿвУ˼ŸͶ5ڣչ30%ĹɷݣҲȡǵغƹá
ҪͶǣ
ΰ˰룬ȫûԤϵⷽ淢չ
εͬˣѹûԤϵ
Ҫ֪˼ڿǵ֮ľްԣƶ˵ľƿظϷ̵ġְܱ֡ȣָտɴˡ
ţýڸҴҰ˺ǶԽӡǵͷȷϡ
ʲô̬λܵʶǵңǧѷĻᡣ
û˵ͷ͵ؼܿǸû취ܾ
λҵ鶼˵СκΰҲû
춼ǽģ˼δʻǴƶһ˳ǶǮġ
ûܡ
˭Խӣ
ľͷ
룬ӦҴֻƸǣʱϵС
õijܡ
dzܣǾͲʱˣϾҲˡ
Уͷġ
Ƶ绰ҶϣҵźͤźţȻƬֻŷΰ
ţְ¼ܣиͶĿҪ㣬ҴͶ5ڸչ30%ɷݣȥǵϷƹãպǶԽһ¡
ݡ
Ϣʹ
һᡣ
źͤظϢ֡
õܲãϺǶԽӡ
һУҲֻͶξһľѻᡣ
ͺñǰͶʵġҫǴϰڵķֺ档
ڴСϵʮ꣬µʮ꣬˭ûҫϷ
һ֮Ƥˮߴ1.5ڣ֪Ϸ̫ôֲ
δƳġԭһȳԽҫϷ
˵˼ǧڵʽ𣬵˭Ǯأ
˼ǿƼ˾зɱͶ뼫ǸǫоƬĿѾ30ڣֻdzʼΡ
ȶֽ𣬲Ԥδķա
ͶĿӹǼ鿴ʼ
вٶѰģǰûʲôӡֱܶɸѡ
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ò˵żȻˬķɣѹĴʼȷʵ
ǿ۵½ǵʱ䣬ɿ12ˣȥԷɡ
Ǹ֣ʱԷҪԡ
θôģ
ܶDzʱԷһ٣һ٣յµθҡ
ǿɲθڸܵԺֱԼʳá
ʳõԱڳǵĵûие⣬ΪԺͻʳý
ܶʳã˵ʳ÷жɾ
̣ǴŹǣӣȸһ
ҲǸˣڿֲˣرࡣ
ԡ
ذ½
ĸֻܹҪ10Ԫ3ëǮķ͵һҲֻҪ10.3Ԫ
ܹ۸Ϊ˼ŵķòDZӯĿȥӪ
ӯԾӪʳãƱػֽԼɱԼ͵ϵ
ΪأǺûӯȥӪʳãҲǸԱĸˡ
Ρ
ѡŸ
ǮԺ˸¡
ԷԱܶûѡѧҲãǹҲգ˶ڴ쵼Ǵھеġ
ͺñѧУ쵼ԺͰδһƬҲԺθùϵҪУĸѧȥ
ԶԶľͲˣ
Ҳ֪֮ӲԱȦӣҸû˵ķٽԼ±
Ǹ磬Ҹ㿴ö
ǻڳԷʱͻȻĶ档
Ŀֻƿǰ꣬DZˣ2014ӱѧѧְ˼ŵĹʡ
ʱѧУѻڳЦźúõУȻѧְһС˾
ڣУѻںΪʲôŹְ
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˵ּ꣬˵Ȼûдﵽ³ֻҪ-96ȵ»Ϳֳԡ
-96ȵ»
ûмǴĻĿǰ֪ijϣ꣬Ҫ-260ȣҲǽӽȵļ»չ¶ԡ
꣬NbZrϽNbTiϽԼǦض¶гԡ
˵Щ϶гԣʵӦ÷ΧʵޣϾԴһֻܲڲ¶ȴﵽ-260ȰɣЩֻ֤Ǵڵģû̫á
Ҹоܼ˵³ʵ֡
Խ˵Խ˷ܡ
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͡˲
ʡ
Ըֹ۲ʧܣԴۣʵɹ
Դ
ͨظơϺϳз
ҳ϶ȡ100
н50
Եҳ϶ͣΪǹЧʱȫλԵõ
ڹ˼ͿŲϡɢȲϡ³ϡ
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ȻɫƷˣ³ϵĽҲѾϸ鿴Ϣ
ܿͷ˹г³ĽʱֻǽɫƷʣûпŽ
ڽɫƷʣصļҲѾ
ջĿ⣬DzɫӦ³Ըı֣ʲôⶼֱϵң
Ǹ硣Ҳ˴ֵҾͲˣǿã豸棬ճ˵Ѹ㵽
Ҫʲô豸
ץסص㡣
Ҫ豸ͦģ˵弤ϵͳҪģ¯Ӹǡº
һг˵˼ʮ豸
һ䣬ǸСӵ豸
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ҲΪȣԴѷĵóףΪңڰ110ƽء
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dzӦ
˹ǵĴιҵôιҵǾdz³ϣΪ³ǿɿغ˾۱ǰ
Ϊʲô˵³ǿɿغ˾۱ǰ
֪ɿغ˾۱һøµƺ˾۱䷴ӦӶͷųļ
ܹǿĴųԵԼάֺ˾۱䷴ӦȶԺͿɿԡ
ˣڿɿغ˾۱вãҲͶз
Ǹ硣
¶ĨЦݣҪľdz仰
һ³ı֣ϴƣҪ˵ʽǼʱûаš
Ϊ³²̸ɿغ˾۱䣬͵˵гͿɱֽκθͻ
ĵԴ䣬ݹϣӵСظѹ缼ɴ6%-10%ʣⲿֵܽԼǾڣǧڵʽ
ҲΪɵܷ㻹Ҫ𣿡
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ȶСĿ꣬1סskjvvx;ֻĶַskjvvx
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ǰʱ˽̸Ѿѡϼƻϸϸһ顣
ò˵½۵ʮбҪ
Ŀǰ˵Aɲ߱ʵΪƶȶڡۡ
˵вƶȡͷƶȡƶȺΥƶȣAɶûơ
۵ͱĹУȫοɹ˵ȽһЩ
ҪʱͶˮؾͱƵ飬ҲɽһֱæϧȡĶ
СͲ˵һһġɽŵijǻشĨЦ⡣
ûԼĿģæ˵
ǵϴҺ㽲ɣڸ۵ĹʽĴãڵء۵֤峤ᵽϣҲڳʱ䣬úġ
죬۵ʽģҼˡǿֱдʱ͵ص㣬ԷԼǡ
ʽҲİϾǸ۵ı־ԽԻ͵
Ҫʱ䵹ʮ꣬IJǶҲ¼£۵
1891꣬۵˾ЭᣬҲӵ˵һʽĹƱͶг
۵֤ȯʷȴݵ1866ꡣ
1866ʱѾи۵ȥҵĹƱʲļֵͶʡ
19691972䣬۵֤ȯҵԽӷԶ֤ȯ;֤ȯø۵80%ڶͶʡ
ɽԼϢʹҲٴζУʱϾŵӿʼɱٵˡ
ˡ
ͬд
¾ͺãҾȹҵ绰ˣȵʱϸĽڵ顣
ţġ
ġ
˼㽫绰Ҷϡ
ʶֻϨֻõ棬żʼʼͻȻûεΰ
ֻţεΰѾԪı
լ
̲ס²ۡ
һ˵һԪǮȷʵȽϺɱʮְǧ
ΰլζôأҲֲÿĶԪϷ
˼ѡֱӸƵ绰
ȴƵͨ
λá
Ǵк
ŹͷΰǣæֻӦãԷûУ
ãҽСΣεIJƷ
ܺãҽвεָ
ҽ𩣬εܴܲ
εġľͷַҽܣǿЩн˵ȻһЦֱԵãҾͲԼˣֱɣҺʲô
ijܣǵġ3ϾҪ߹ˣź̸̸ϼ˼Ӧ̵顣ΰĿ˵
DZ۶٣
Dz̸עʵ顣
̸ñ˿ͼ
еУ㿴йŶ©ֳܱȤӣΪ̯ǾˣֵԽȤͻԽֵǮ˼˵㣬ֱ̯ˡ
ȷǣ©ĹŶһֱ̯治ʵҪʱԼװ뿪ȶԷԹԾͷ
̵ƹҳdz4000Ұ£طõĻ11Ԫô
ΰۡ
ҲȻڵľͷûӦԼݣû취
ȻԷչ¶ܲۡ
ˡ
Ӧ̵ƹҳ棬40007죬˼ȫӵʮڵջûص2ԪҪ60%ijֵ
ǵʨӿεľͷסˣֻ֪˵Щʲôá
40007죬ǿԽܣϾ˼ƿƶ
ؾҪ2Ԫ
ʵ̫ˣ
Ҫ5000̵ֻͨء3ǾҪ֧1ڸ˼š
ܹÿȶ1ϵľ˾ǾǷëǣҵ̳
ĻȻ60%ijֵ
ܶ˶֪ʲôô˵ɣһϷΪӭֻ̣Ƴó̵汾
˵˾ֻӦ̵صġ3˾˵ٷͨᱻֻ̳Ǯ
60%̫˰ɳܣֻܽ30%ٶĻӪɱ
СλӦ
û
ΰҲ˵ͷ͵ƻҲֻdz30%͵ֹ֧Ϸһɡ
ҲԸ⽵ͣҶԴ칫˾ҲۣΪǿȺӣǺ칫˾Ҹôȥ˵
䣬ֲһǵ룬2ѾгıԪϷ3϶ҲбƣɲΪ֥飬ϣǾֿڻġ
ǰ칫˾ᵽ˾
֪칫˾ͬеֶξֻһǾǸƼӹע
ٸӣзϷˣô칫˾зŻơһϷ
ΪQQţ칫˾ѹͲȱҡ
˭֪칫˾ôУ˾һ취ҲûУΪȷʵ˼ҡ
ΰҲ˳ǵĿ⿴Եλҵ顣
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Ϊѡ
ᡣ
֪롣
ΰ𩡢СӲϳԼе仯ҲǾ۵ס
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ɡ
ͻȻڣֻĨΪɫ˵ԼʵĿĵڶԪұҲdzȤǵġ2ҲˣdzӱҶǹ˾δչҲʮֿá
ǿвУ˼ŸͶ5ڣչ30%ĹɷݣҲȡǵغƹá
ҪͶǣ
ΰ˰룬ȫûԤϵⷽ淢չ
εͬˣѹûԤϵ
Ҫ֪˼ڿǵ֮ľްԣƶ˵ľƿظϷ̵ġְܱ֡ȣָտɴˡ
ţýڸҴҰ˺ǶԽӡǵͷȷϡ
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û˵ͷ͵ؼܿǸû취ܾ
λҵ鶼˵СκΰҲû
춼ǽģ˼δʻǴƶһ˳ǶǮġ
ûܡ
˭Խӣ
ľͷ
룬ӦҴֻƸǣʱϵС
õijܡ
dzܣǾͲʱˣϾҲˡ
Уͷġ
Ƶ绰ҶϣҵźͤźţȻƬֻŷΰ
ţְ¼ܣиͶĿҪ㣬ҴͶ5ڸչ30%ɷݣȥǵϷƹãպǶԽһ¡
ݡ
Ϣʹ
һᡣ
źͤظϢ֡
õܲãϺǶԽӡ
һУҲֻͶξһľѻᡣ
ͺñǰͶʵġҫǴϰڵķֺ档
ڴСϵʮ꣬µʮ꣬˭ûҫϷ
һ֮Ƥˮߴ1.5ڣ֪Ϸ̫ôֲ
δƳġԭһȳԽҫϷ
˵˼ǧڵʽ𣬵˭Ǯأ
˼ǿƼ˾зɱͶ뼫ǸǫоƬĿѾ30ڣֻdzʼΡ
ȶֽ𣬲Ԥδķա
ͶĿӹǼ鿴ʼ
вٶѰģǰûʲôӡֱܶɸѡ
ִ˼ʮʼ˸
ò˵żȻˬķɣѹĴʼȷʵ
ǿ۵½ǵʱ䣬ɿ12ˣȥԷɡ
Ǹ֣ʱԷҪԡ
θôģ
ܶDzʱԷһ٣һ٣յµθҡ
ǿɲθڸܵԺֱԼʳá
ʳõԱڳǵĵûие⣬ΪԺͻʳý
ܶʳã˵ʳ÷жɾ
̣ǴŹǣӣȸһ
ҲǸˣڿֲˣرࡣ
ԡ
ذ½
ĸֻܹҪ10Ԫ3ëǮķ͵һҲֻҪ10.3Ԫ
ܹ۸Ϊ˼ŵķòDZӯĿȥӪ
ӯԾӪʳãƱػֽԼɱԼ͵ϵ
ΪأǺûӯȥӪʳãҲǸԱĸˡ
Ρ
ѡŸ
ǮԺ˸¡
ԷԱܶûѡѧҲãǹҲգ˶ڴ쵼Ǵھеġ
ͺñѧУ쵼ԺͰδһƬҲԺθùϵҪУĸѧȥ
ԶԶľͲˣ
Ҳ֪֮ӲԱȦӣҸû˵ķٽԼ±
Ǹ磬Ҹ㿴ö
ǻڳԷʱͻȻĶ档
Ŀֻƿǰ꣬DZˣ2014ӱѧѧְ˼ŵĹʡ
ʱѧУѻڳЦźúõУȻѧְһС˾
ڣУѻںΪʲôŹְ
Ҫ֪ڵ˼ţְżͲ山ܴģҵţ
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dz³೬ϣڳ룬Dzûдﵽ³
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˵ּ꣬˵Ȼûдﵽ³ֻҪ-96ȵ»Ϳֳԡ
-96ȵ»
ûмǴĻĿǰ֪ijϣ꣬Ҫ-260ȣҲǽӽȵļ»չ¶ԡ
꣬NbZrϽNbTiϽԼǦض¶гԡ
˵Щ϶гԣʵӦ÷ΧʵޣϾԴһֻܲڲ¶ȴﵽ-260ȰɣЩֻ֤Ǵڵģû̫á
Ҹоܼ˵³ʵ֡
Խ˵Խ˷ܡ
ȫûԼо-96Ȼijϣͺ͵ʯīϩŵһ˭û뵽ֻҪһͿŵ
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ʡ
Ըֹ۲ʧܣԴۣʵɹ
Դ
ͨظơϺϳз
ҳ϶ȡ100
н50
Եҳ϶ͣΪǹЧʱȫλԵõ
ڹ˼ͿŲϡɢȲϡ³ϡ
ͿŲϿɽɢȲϣɽ³Ͽɽ
ȻɫƷˣ³ϵĽҲѾϸ鿴Ϣ
ܿͷ˹г³ĽʱֻǽɫƷʣûпŽ
ڽɫƷʣصļҲѾ
ջĿ⣬DzɫӦ³Ըı֣ʲôⶼֱϵң
Ǹ硣Ҳ˴ֵҾͲˣǿã豸棬ճ˵Ѹ㵽
Ҫʲô豸
ץסص㡣
Ҫ豸ͦģ˵弤ϵͳҪģ¯Ӹǡº
һг˵˼ʮ豸
һ䣬ǸСӵ豸
òϣľ豸Сȷʵңңȫ磬Ͼ˼70˹ҵ
ҲΪȣԴѷĵóףΪңڰ110ƽء
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dzӦ
˹ǵĴιҵôιҵǾdz³ϣΪ³ǿɿغ˾۱ǰ
Ϊʲô˵³ǿɿغ˾۱ǰ
֪ɿغ˾۱һøµƺ˾۱䷴ӦӶͷųļ
ܹǿĴųԵԼάֺ˾۱䷴ӦȶԺͿɿԡ
ˣڿɿغ˾۱вãҲͶз
Ǹ硣
¶ĨЦݣҪľdz仰
һ³ı֣ϴƣҪ˵ʽǼʱûаš
Ϊ³²̸ɿغ˾۱䣬͵˵гͿɱֽκθͻ
ĵԴ䣬ݹϣӵСظѹ缼ɴ6%-10%ʣⲿֵܽԼǾڣǧڵʽ
ҲΪɵܷ㻹Ҫ𣿡
Ǹ߾Уʵһбݵġ
ʰ˰֡
֪ȥȻԼҴҪҲҪɰʵס
Ҿˡ
ǽ³պãҪȥ۵̸ϵ顣
ʱԸɽƣ˵Խ㵽Ҫ豸
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