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1884919հʱ
ߡŻʼֺͥ͡˳̩ʿݣڰʱȵͣظۣܵӢ̼ѧȺһӭ˴رؾΧۡ
Ӣ⽻ѫڶϲͷΪݰ˺̺һ֧42˵ֶˡ
صĻʨͻӭӳµĵΪ¡صĻӭʽϲķΧ
ϣڱֵһݻʽڣŷĺʲ֮һؽõijйլۡ
Ӣѵĵطڰͺ¹ڽܱʮʹݣʹҲڸ
סǻҳԱ֪ʿ̽⽻٣Ӣһʴ»ס⸽Уֳزά-Ųȹ
ǺάǷűʽںصŵʽžҺɫʯ棬ضʵޱȡ
ܱʼҼĹֵǸֿȹݡưɡ鱦ֹƷװҵ꣬ڶݺͶ˽˾ֲ
Ӣ˹˹عѧڸǵ͵ĸȦÿƽӢҵļ۸ߵľˡ
ҲкܶӢ壬ԼŷԼϴͷ꣬ǮǮνؼס棬ܽʶʿ
ڷڵ¹ڶ˹ںԼŷгҹݻʽڳҪԱפ֮
Щdzҵʲ֮һ
Ӣͷ̺լۡԢڷضӵ֣Ҳƽó֮ٴ롣
ƽÿһ꣬ĸֹɵڶ˾ֱʵĹأ֣˹أȣţţ˹أӴé˹ӢҪкʵĽԼ̣ԢдĹ̶ҵ
ΪʲôӢͶأ
ΪڵԭͺͳƷúγɵĴóӯ࣬߳ɶӢгÿóӯԼǧӢģҪڱѵһ֡
ģ߰ǧӢ֮䣬άֳͶ档
ӢǮӢȫؼҡ
һͶ
ÿͿԳپʮӢֵԼǧͶ6.3%ңڳȶС
Щҵɢڼʮϰټҹ˾УϢѷĵʱ˺ȫòҲע⡣
һֺ棬ϳĸӢծȯծȯ͵¹ծȯÿܲȶ룬Ҫɲ֡
ϲĹ֪
ҷһֱչӢĵزҵж٣ֻäIJ²ˡ
Ӣдز̶ҵҲȹϵ֮êεá
ͱӢ⽻ѯ֮£⽻ʽӦûˡ
Ҳ˵ӢĬ˳ľռ졣
һ۵̫ƽ죬˾˰ɣ˭ӢʼҺºϿΪðʧֲЩ
Ӣ⽻뷨ֹۣһ㲻˳֣Եθڡ
ºϿ¼Ӱ켫ΪԶռռ˺캣ʺҪاֵֵܵѻ뵺֣
˳㻹Ҫռ˹ӵѹѹһȭ
ֻاֵֵܵ˾סĻĵƽֻһЩᾭϵʱЪš
ľռ첻ɽ¶ˮڽеھߵĺƴ̣Ѿ2160ū۷
ճ̾ڱɽУ緢ֵԽԽá
֣Եִĵϣͽӵ˰Ļ룬ˬĴӦˣԭ֮⡣
⽻ŶԴ˴ɹʶһ·ʵг̣ǰŮʱ¡
άŮʱͷӡŮʵĹڣȹָһ㼶ǰԭǺϺǣǷ⡣
άŮʱ½ڰʽѺõĽγɹʶҲӢҪõ⽻ɾ͡
άŮʽٿʢʼᣬӭԶij£ӢڶԱϯһʢᡣ
ڶ죬齵ijйӼõӢ˹ټڸҪԱ˫㷺չ̣ƶܹϵһ
˵ڹͬƶȫóͿԽַܺͬⶼڿܵ۷Χڡ
˵ƽȶ⣬⣬̫ƽ⣬Ǽ⣬ŷǺȵȣΪҪIJ֮һӵвɺӵشӰ
ӢҪȫͷߵӰͱõڶǿ֧֣ʰ
ٱ˵ŷǰٵϾƣڶǺǶдƬֳأӵ˲ŷƵDZӢIJһ㡣
ӢĶսУͿԹһҲӢΪصķ档
ֱ11·ڰٿĹʻϣӢܾͶĬôӢеijֹ࣬ʻĽࡣ
˼ҵ¹˹ﻮһĹʻ飬ӢȴҪȨҲǰû˵ˡ
ϡУǸζ
ܵ˵ӢоǸ¶裬Ͼվȫ۷֮ϣܿķ羰ҪĹ̫̫ࡣ
ȳվλĽǶȸߣٵսȻҲ
ڶУ˹˽ȫԵĹ֯룬ǹ˵ǰ
뷨ѾãԴںƽ
1795꣬ŬڸġúƽۡһУϵͳԵĹ롣
ŷЭ1814ꡪ1870꣩19ͳսʼչӢȺ7εķսʵϾ;˹˵ijΡ
άŷްȫ״Աⷢϵս
һʱڣٽ˹ʷķչ߹ԼԼ½γɣΪʷе˵嶨˱
Ӣ¶Ĭƽ߸ˡŷŵ˵ų֯
һ֯1920һսĹ˵ǰ
ڸ˹鰸̬Dz²𣬾ܾ˼Ա
ʲôЦ
ڳƽֳҵϵַͶ̫ƽһͺʵһǿʢ֮·
ôԸһᾭǴԼĹʳϣDzdzԱ˳ŵģû¶
ͬӢͷϳԵĶԲԴźֳͿʼȶƽˡ
ԭʷ
Ĺ֯վûγɣ¹ٵ۹ҪǿԲϵҪһ
ɶӹƨ֯ڵij˵ûô֮൱鷳
ֹĺܲӶɣ
ҪӦɣ
һ뵽ǴھռױǣʵвпѹūߣǿҲ
Ǵ˹ӣŴռǴצ۵ǿһĺˣܵĭһǿָ
֣Ծеͷ綷ʲӹ˻DZúã̫ôˡ
ܶͲõۣһ۾صĸӰѸӣΪӰ
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ЩûԱˣע¹ɳѵҪųͷȥЩӵĺö
ڸԹĽǶȳӢȫǺϣк֮ܶ
ȶСĿ꣬1סskjvvx;ֻĶַskjvvx
1884919հʱ
ߡŻʼֺͥ͡˳̩ʿݣڰʱȵͣظۣܵӢ̼ѧȺһӭ˴رؾΧۡ
Ӣ⽻ѫڶϲͷΪݰ˺̺һ֧42˵ֶˡ
صĻʨͻӭӳµĵΪ¡صĻӭʽϲķΧ
ϣڱֵһݻʽڣŷĺʲ֮һؽõijйլۡ
Ӣѵĵطڰͺ¹ڽܱʮʹݣʹҲڸ
סǻҳԱ֪ʿ̽⽻٣Ӣһʴ»ס⸽Уֳزά-Ųȹ
ǺάǷűʽںصŵʽžҺɫʯ棬ضʵޱȡ
ܱʼҼĹֵǸֿȹݡưɡ鱦ֹƷװҵ꣬ڶݺͶ˽˾ֲ
Ӣ˹˹عѧڸǵ͵ĸȦÿƽӢҵļ۸ߵľˡ
ҲкܶӢ壬ԼŷԼϴͷ꣬ǮǮνؼס棬ܽʶʿ
ڷڵ¹ڶ˹ںԼŷгҹݻʽڳҪԱפ֮
Щdzҵʲ֮һ
Ӣͷ̺լۡԢڷضӵ֣Ҳƽó֮ٴ롣
ƽÿһ꣬ĸֹɵڶ˾ֱʵĹأ֣˹أȣţţ˹أӴé˹ӢҪкʵĽԼ̣ԢдĹ̶ҵ
ΪʲôӢͶأ
ΪڵԭͺͳƷúγɵĴóӯ࣬߳ɶӢгÿóӯԼǧӢģҪڱѵһ֡
ģ߰ǧӢ֮䣬άֳͶ档
ӢǮӢȫؼҡ
һͶ
ÿͿԳپʮӢֵԼǧͶ6.3%ңڳȶС
Щҵɢڼʮϰټҹ˾УϢѷĵʱ˺ȫòҲע⡣
һֺ棬ϳĸӢծȯծȯ͵¹ծȯÿܲȶ룬Ҫɲ֡
ϲĹ֪
ҷһֱչӢĵزҵж٣ֻäIJ²ˡ
Ӣдز̶ҵҲȹϵ֮êεá
ͱӢ⽻ѯ֮£⽻ʽӦûˡ
Ҳ˵ӢĬ˳ľռ졣
һ۵̫ƽ죬˾˰ɣ˭ӢʼҺºϿΪðʧֲЩ
Ӣ⽻뷨ֹۣһ㲻˳֣Եθڡ
ºϿ¼Ӱ켫ΪԶռռ˺캣ʺҪاֵֵܵѻ뵺֣
˳㻹Ҫռ˹ӵѹѹһȭ
ֻاֵֵܵ˾סĻĵƽֻһЩᾭϵʱЪš
ľռ첻ɽ¶ˮڽеھߵĺƴ̣Ѿ2160ū۷
ճ̾ڱɽУ緢ֵԽԽá
֣Եִĵϣͽӵ˰Ļ룬ˬĴӦˣԭ֮⡣
⽻ŶԴ˴ɹʶһ·ʵг̣ǰŮʱ¡
άŮʱͷӡŮʵĹڣȹָһ㼶ǰԭǺϺǣǷ⡣
άŮʱ½ڰʽѺõĽγɹʶҲӢҪõ⽻ɾ͡
άŮʽٿʢʼᣬӭԶij£ӢڶԱϯһʢᡣ
ڶ죬齵ijйӼõӢ˹ټڸҪԱ˫㷺չ̣ƶܹϵһ
˵ڹͬƶȫóͿԽַܺͬⶼڿܵ۷Χڡ
˵ƽȶ⣬⣬̫ƽ⣬Ǽ⣬ŷǺȵȣΪҪIJ֮һӵвɺӵشӰ
ӢҪȫͷߵӰͱõڶǿ֧֣ʰ
ٱ˵ŷǰٵϾƣڶǺǶдƬֳأӵ˲ŷƵDZӢIJһ㡣
ӢĶսУͿԹһҲӢΪصķ档
ֱ11·ڰٿĹʻϣӢܾͶĬôӢеijֹ࣬ʻĽࡣ
˼ҵ¹˹ﻮһĹʻ飬ӢȴҪȨҲǰû˵ˡ
ϡУǸζ
ܵ˵ӢоǸ¶裬Ͼվȫ۷֮ϣܿķ羰ҪĹ̫̫ࡣ
ȳվλĽǶȸߣٵսȻҲ
ڶУ˹˽ȫԵĹ֯룬ǹ˵ǰ
뷨ѾãԴںƽ
1795꣬ŬڸġúƽۡһУϵͳԵĹ롣
ŷЭ1814ꡪ1870꣩19ͳսʼչӢȺ7εķսʵϾ;˹˵ijΡ
άŷްȫ״Աⷢϵս
һʱڣٽ˹ʷķչ߹ԼԼ½γɣΪʷе˵嶨˱
Ӣ¶Ĭƽ߸ˡŷŵ˵ų֯
һ֯1920һսĹ˵ǰ
ڸ˹鰸̬Dz²𣬾ܾ˼Ա
ʲôЦ
ڳƽֳҵϵַͶ̫ƽһͺʵһǿʢ֮·
ôԸһᾭǴԼĹʳϣDzdzԱ˳ŵģû¶
ͬӢͷϳԵĶԲԴźֳͿʼȶƽˡ
ԭʷ
Ĺ֯վûγɣ¹ٵ۹ҪǿԲϵҪһ
ɶӹƨ֯ڵij˵ûô֮൱鷳
ֹĺܲӶɣ
ҪӦɣ
һ뵽ǴھռױǣʵвпѹūߣǿҲ
Ǵ˹ӣŴռǴצ۵ǿһĺˣܵĭһǿָ
֣Ծеͷ綷ʲӹ˻DZúã̫ôˡ
ܶͲõۣһ۾صĸӰѸӣΪӰ
ӢͷЩƵֳѾԵöǶԲҡȵɹ̫¶ͷ㣬ָָ㡣
ЩûԱˣע¹ɳѵҪųͷȥЩӵĺö
ڸԹĽǶȳӢȫǺϣк֮ܶ
ȶСĿ꣬1סskjvvx;ֻĶַskjvvx