ط߷ʽսеҲЩһһӰеķ֣ÿĿһ֮ࡣ
ԭطĵʰۣҲʱ˼
Ͼ֪⼸طӦæĸ䲻½š
ͬʱҲĹϹٽ˵ӦֶΣΪɲΪԷڸԼط֮¼϶ȻɽСӣ͵Ϊֹˡ
طȴûʰԤеôæһֱڰչеĴһЩ鶼ȥοĽΪǷֵһҪ
µܵ˹ƶСݡ
šطɡԡ˼һԵķİĬĬС磬Щ⡣
Ψɴһǵʶ
ֱȷڵķѾսʱԪ֮ĹȲֻ״̬ȵָͿѺŲɳһȻҴȥ
ɴεߵطǰ
ϴզ㣿
ԵʱеֶȻһһĶװΣԪʮֱӲ䲡һŹӣһҴ
Ҳ֪ɶŻ״̬
طŲµ˵ڵϵϾԼŮʵеijԼɷҪĽԳֲܾȻ
ɶûУֻʣǵӵôܵˡ
ԸɴһݣΪ˱ξ˵
Դطһ
ȵɽԪʿDZ߽ݸǣסһԴλǰ콣һ̽ʱˡ
ڹУʱΪүġꡯ
漴ط䶼Ƥһ
ʵȬ״̬IJٿؿ˵ȱ˲ڹ¶һ˵ſַʽĬĬʾͬ⡣
طûĿһۣ˼ҪӵΪ⣬զ죬ͳ¡
漴仹ıǰһ䡣
Ҳһˣͬǣһֱ桤״̬
ôطüͷ壬ͷ亹ˮЩһԵ䡣
ӹջĵþ֮Ѿȥ˺ü졣
ʱط˼İӣɴµþ
Щһ״̬õֱӳֲˣ״̬õDZɵӡ
ɷ鿴еĽܡ
ϸܣǹеڹջܲģʮ˲þռ䣬нһĵĥ£һǿ
ڱٱ״̬ʱǿƴͳȥ
رһ䣬طԭΪͬһﵽٽֵһұȻǿߡ
dzΪɵֻһ֮ʱþὫе˴ͳԾ˺Է֮ܵǰţԷ̤һ
ϾijЩܵԼʩԵľʾ
طѯʺǽͷ˵
ѾûʲôˣֻҪԪ֣֮ѣԤӦþ顣
ŶµĽչ
ŵĵ˵ͷ
Ǹþܿ£֮ߣЧҲΪԣֻҪܹﵽһСԾ᳹дһʵͻơ
֮ǰϴ㽻ҵЩֲУ˾ҵİѾѹͺλˮࡣ
֮ǰҲһجεӣҲȷҪѡ
漴ݸطһֽţ¼ڵþеš
ʮص.
֮طһȻһЩԾԾԵķİֽֽŵݸԷ
ˮȵΪֹȻҪʱտţһǹҽеһŮӡӣ
ӣϵ˫еŮǡ
СΨһӰ£ֿ
γڵڰʮһ£ѾǿҪβֻµıȴӸ߲¡
Ϊʮࡱ֮κŮڹɽĹȡ
κ簮Į߰Ƨľˡ
ӣƻ¸䣬绪ʵʴϻ۷dz˼磬¸ҡ
ӣ书ȴҽҩͻ֮ǼƻҲСڽ֮䡣
УһȺʩѵСȱԶҩͷв֮ĵĽɡ֮
ӣκСദգжӣ
СΪ⣬ƾ¸ļᶨ־ͬڳ顢ԼĵĴϻۻǣӮСġ
սǰӣҪȱԶƶСֹӣȻ˾ɣʹС뻨ȱƿԣӣ鱼ȥ
ֵϺӣظ֪תߣС֪ǰӣ˲Ǹ顣ӣϲӦСҸӣȥճɾ
ʦðЩӺǸСħǣѸģϴƵ𣿡
ϣϵ֪ѾѡΪһˡ
˵ͷ˵ϴǰʳǵʱδö֮ڴƵĽף˽ѾƽԼҵıʦԼϵijϡ
оͰӣʦʱתһˡ
һԸս鱨ķİ
ϣҲDZ˫ͬӣһЩСۣûʲô̫ҵĽѷҲûǰɽıҪɡ
طҡҡͷ
֮˻һ£ԣȴǽѣһעԵ
İ˼ʱΪͬ
λʦúܽҽҩ츳ΪɫСͱڵЩϼһdzˡ
Ҫ˸֮עһСһ϶Ը⣬Ἣų⡣
пܼ𣿡ط䣬ҽ棬ҽֻСһˣҲһDZߵҽ߹
̫.鷳ҲѲġЩüģ뵽ӣദ̣䲻ɴ˸
ҵǾϣСİĺط˸
ڲ²÷һ»δ֤ʵȷΪĻӣλȥεŮҽ߽Ҫһ
˵Ļᡣ
ϾӴƾҽҲܷһЩè壬ԷҪϲĻӣҽҲȷеʱ䡣
λǰźԪ꣬ž۲ϣӣ˵һܲĽѡ
ʲ̫ܣΪʱϾݴңæ䲻½ţʱһ
֮תʦá
˵ͷİطһҲûжʡ
طͷİ뿪ƶСݵʱطǰһ档
λμȨϽɵıԴֵ1756㣡
ڷİܷŶپֵҲûжʣû뵽ջôɹۡ
ϸԷİڽϵͱԼѷɫһ㣬رDZ֮ǽ˴Ҳ̫Ԥ֮⡣
ϣ
ʼ𣿡
ţոյ֪ͨѾɫȨ
ʲô¹ܣ
̳Դһ˺Žзظòƺûʲô
漴طİ˫۳ǰ֪Ѿʼǵľ
˵İСܵԼӰ죬˼άҰȽϿأЩҿɶһȺԴֱ̬Ļ֮
رڿ̳̳еĻֱᵽû߶رһCPħֱռߵأΪףûµʱڤ棬Լͷİһġ
Ȼ̳д߶ȴطֱӵСHġ
طһⲻסǻͨķʽдطҲûôйһƪƪģֻҪ̫¶ǵģҲһֻ۱һֻˡ
漴㷢ַİɫ̫ԣһҿҴӣ֮˸ʯ仭綼Լ˺ڰɫ
仳еСЩɻĴ˴İգİȴûһ˿Ӧ
ȿȣЩͺãסˡѩ.
˵⣬طڵĻȻֹͻȻ뵽ѩϾӦҲһȨ뵽Է̳ЩֵֹʱЩͷ۵ķסͷ
սɺͰɻڻԣԵļƻѾ£ңԴһ֧ŶݸҲսռһơ
ɵѩϾһֱڿޣܵDZ˼ӳ֣ԴӦؾĥ£ԼμȨߴıԴֵ
ľһٴﵽʦԲֻҪԪ֣֮ɳͻ
ڻɳֵʱȵijͻŷվ֮
漴ǰʾһ㶺ҲǺͷİһһʱ̳
һЩΪıУһ۾ͿһԾı⣡
X硪˾Ȯò˵Ĺ£
ӺѩϾ·Ĵţԭѩձú˵ģ촽ǹһ˿ڴЩɬЦ⡣
/أܡ~
ȶСĿ꣬1סskjvvx;ֻĶַskjvvx
ԭطĵʰۣҲʱ˼
Ͼ֪⼸طӦæĸ䲻½š
ͬʱҲĹϹٽ˵ӦֶΣΪɲΪԷڸԼط֮¼϶ȻɽСӣ͵Ϊֹˡ
طȴûʰԤеôæһֱڰչеĴһЩ鶼ȥοĽΪǷֵһҪ
µܵ˹ƶСݡ
šطɡԡ˼һԵķİĬĬС磬Щ⡣
Ψɴһǵʶ
ֱȷڵķѾսʱԪ֮ĹȲֻ״̬ȵָͿѺŲɳһȻҴȥ
ɴεߵطǰ
ϴզ㣿
ԵʱеֶȻһһĶװΣԪʮֱӲ䲡һŹӣһҴ
Ҳ֪ɶŻ״̬
طŲµ˵ڵϵϾԼŮʵеijԼɷҪĽԳֲܾȻ
ɶûУֻʣǵӵôܵˡ
ԸɴһݣΪ˱ξ˵
Դطһ
ȵɽԪʿDZ߽ݸǣסһԴλǰ콣һ̽ʱˡ
ڹУʱΪүġꡯ
漴ط䶼Ƥһ
ʵȬ״̬IJٿؿ˵ȱ˲ڹ¶һ˵ſַʽĬĬʾͬ⡣
طûĿһۣ˼ҪӵΪ⣬զ죬ͳ¡
漴仹ıǰһ䡣
Ҳһˣͬǣһֱ桤״̬
ôطüͷ壬ͷ亹ˮЩһԵ䡣
ӹջĵþ֮Ѿȥ˺ü졣
ʱط˼İӣɴµþ
Щһ״̬õֱӳֲˣ״̬õDZɵӡ
ɷ鿴еĽܡ
ϸܣǹеڹջܲģʮ˲þռ䣬нһĵĥ£һǿ
ڱٱ״̬ʱǿƴͳȥ
رһ䣬طԭΪͬһﵽٽֵһұȻǿߡ
dzΪɵֻһ֮ʱþὫе˴ͳԾ˺Է֮ܵǰţԷ̤һ
ϾijЩܵԼʩԵľʾ
طѯʺǽͷ˵
ѾûʲôˣֻҪԪ֣֮ѣԤӦþ顣
ŶµĽչ
ŵĵ˵ͷ
Ǹþܿ£֮ߣЧҲΪԣֻҪܹﵽһСԾ᳹дһʵͻơ
֮ǰϴ㽻ҵЩֲУ˾ҵİѾѹͺλˮࡣ
֮ǰҲһجεӣҲȷҪѡ
漴ݸطһֽţ¼ڵþеš
ʮص.
֮طһȻһЩԾԾԵķİֽֽŵݸԷ
ˮȵΪֹȻҪʱտţһǹҽеһŮӡӣ
ӣϵ˫еŮǡ
СΨһӰ£ֿ
γڵڰʮһ£ѾǿҪβֻµıȴӸ߲¡
Ϊʮࡱ֮κŮڹɽĹȡ
κ簮Į߰Ƨľˡ
ӣƻ¸䣬绪ʵʴϻ۷dz˼磬¸ҡ
ӣ书ȴҽҩͻ֮ǼƻҲСڽ֮䡣
УһȺʩѵСȱԶҩͷв֮ĵĽɡ֮
ӣκСദգжӣ
СΪ⣬ƾ¸ļᶨ־ͬڳ顢ԼĵĴϻۻǣӮСġ
սǰӣҪȱԶƶСֹӣȻ˾ɣʹС뻨ȱƿԣӣ鱼ȥ
ֵϺӣظ֪תߣС֪ǰӣ˲Ǹ顣ӣϲӦСҸӣȥճɾ
ʦðЩӺǸСħǣѸģϴƵ𣿡
ϣϵ֪ѾѡΪһˡ
˵ͷ˵ϴǰʳǵʱδö֮ڴƵĽף˽ѾƽԼҵıʦԼϵijϡ
оͰӣʦʱתһˡ
һԸս鱨ķİ
ϣҲDZ˫ͬӣһЩСۣûʲô̫ҵĽѷҲûǰɽıҪɡ
طҡҡͷ
֮˻һ£ԣȴǽѣһעԵ
İ˼ʱΪͬ
λʦúܽҽҩ츳ΪɫСͱڵЩϼһdzˡ
Ҫ˸֮עһСһ϶Ը⣬Ἣų⡣
пܼ𣿡ط䣬ҽ棬ҽֻСһˣҲһDZߵҽ߹
̫.鷳ҲѲġЩüģ뵽ӣദ̣䲻ɴ˸
ҵǾϣСİĺط˸
ڲ²÷һ»δ֤ʵȷΪĻӣλȥεŮҽ߽Ҫһ
˵Ļᡣ
ϾӴƾҽҲܷһЩè壬ԷҪϲĻӣҽҲȷеʱ䡣
λǰźԪ꣬ž۲ϣӣ˵һܲĽѡ
ʲ̫ܣΪʱϾݴңæ䲻½ţʱһ
֮תʦá
˵ͷİطһҲûжʡ
طͷİ뿪ƶСݵʱطǰһ档
λμȨϽɵıԴֵ1756㣡
ڷİܷŶپֵҲûжʣû뵽ջôɹۡ
ϸԷİڽϵͱԼѷɫһ㣬رDZ֮ǽ˴Ҳ̫Ԥ֮⡣
ϣ
ʼ𣿡
ţոյ֪ͨѾɫȨ
ʲô¹ܣ
̳Դһ˺Žзظòƺûʲô
漴طİ˫۳ǰ֪Ѿʼǵľ
˵İСܵԼӰ죬˼άҰȽϿأЩҿɶһȺԴֱ̬Ļ֮
رڿ̳̳еĻֱᵽû߶رһCPħֱռߵأΪףûµʱڤ棬Լͷİһġ
Ȼ̳д߶ȴطֱӵСHġ
طһⲻסǻͨķʽдطҲûôйһƪƪģֻҪ̫¶ǵģҲһֻ۱һֻˡ
漴㷢ַİɫ̫ԣһҿҴӣ֮˸ʯ仭綼Լ˺ڰɫ
仳еСЩɻĴ˴İգİȴûһ˿Ӧ
ȿȣЩͺãסˡѩ.
˵⣬طڵĻȻֹͻȻ뵽ѩϾӦҲһȨ뵽Է̳ЩֵֹʱЩͷ۵ķסͷ
սɺͰɻڻԣԵļƻѾ£ңԴһ֧ŶݸҲսռһơ
ɵѩϾһֱڿޣܵDZ˼ӳ֣ԴӦؾĥ£ԼμȨߴıԴֵ
ľһٴﵽʦԲֻҪԪ֣֮ɳͻ
ڻɳֵʱȵijͻŷվ֮
漴ǰʾһ㶺ҲǺͷİһһʱ̳
һЩΪıУһ۾ͿһԾı⣡
X硪˾Ȯò˵Ĺ£
ӺѩϾ·Ĵţԭѩձú˵ģ촽ǹһ˿ڴЩɬЦ⡣
/أܡ~
ȶСĿ꣬1סskjvvx;ֻĶַskjvvx