ɭλȦǸɭŮѾʽйҵ֯ǹˣȻŽһɭǵǻ뿪Ǹ֮ɭλʽʽʼ
Ҳ˵ӽ쿪ʼɭŮʵʵɭǸȦߵ۶Ͻ֦ǸЩǰȥԼֱеIJɱ߲ǽɱʣһΪֹ
ɭ֮֯ǹϵԼλڼ䣬ҲǸʽ֮ǰɭ˻֯ǹŵģκʱ˵ǵǰȥ֤ɭǵ
ȻˣҲͬܵɭκα
ΪɭǷ֮أǸϱûκηɣӵҲԶǹҳ㡢ѪĴַ
мڴˣʽڼ䣬λɱ¾ʽʱǸȻͻøΣգκ˶пܱ롮ԼڲߵϮɱΪλijЩͻ֮У
֮
κ˻֯ȥɭǾͱԼİΪԵȫ
ͨ˵ǣλڼ䣬κ˶ϵȥͬʱɭҲʲôܣȥ֤κ˵İȫʳס⣡ʱDzĹԹȺҲΣգȫ˵ϵԼСȥԹϣ
ϾɭŮѾȽ롮ȦȥƴˣɱսάԼȨDZδ֪ݺսɱѾ˾ʽﻹ˵ϱˣ
Ȼ
˵ɭdzΣգǣЩ˾ԾҪȥͱ硭ijϲǷǣÿһֳijųƲҡ˽Ȧͷdz͡𡯵ųᰣ
֮ôȥΪȥͱǸɭ뿪ʱǸɭԱߵɭǡ˹лһҪϢϢǣ
ɭһˣԷɭģǺϵȥģɭȴһֱ鲻ԷϢǸڵǵ֮ǰʹûϳֹһ
Է䡢ȵȣɭǣǡ˹ڣ˺ܶɽǴֻ̽鵽Էϵĺܶطֹңʱмʮôˡ
ɭΩһԿ϶ǣǸˣƺǸųͬһҵˣ˵ҲDZģңƺ˳ƺΪʮߡ
һʼųᰲ֪Ǹɭǡ˹ΪʲôͻȻ¶ϢǵǸǡ˹DZɺ鱳˹ӶʮĽȥģز²⣬ΪǸʮߡܸܿɺ鱳ˣҲǸڹ˾˽Ļ֣ҲǸ֪ʵݵļһйأ
ǣ
һΪ˲κһų᰾Ҳ̲סˣôȲҪܵɭȥȻҪԹҵץסǸʮߡȻٴӶԷĿлϤɺ鱳˵ʵݣ
ܿϧ
ıύȥ˷ܵȥ˾Է̸ʱȴԷز;ܾˡ
Էܾоݣ
ȣػ
ɺĻ֮˵ȻҪڹ˾ܿ¸ҪǣĿǰ˾ϵĺܶ֯ɵ˹Թ˾ɢԺˮ˵ʲôɭʹɱĶͨ˾ڰвͲݣ˵˾ĴѾ쵽ɭ˵˾ʵҪɭɹ˾Ŀܣ
˵϶Ǻ˵˵ʣԷıƳɹˣ˾ʱѹdz⽻ڶ»ᶼɭóƲеĹϵˡ
Σųƺ̫ǻˣÿһطͶdz¼
ľͲ˵ˣһε֮Уԭֻȥŵ̸ʸ飬ɽų᰻ֱӰ˼ŵݶˣŪ˼˵ʮǰһʮ˳
ǵ飬Ҫǹ˾㹻Ҫ˼ܵ㹻ֻ࣬ڹ˽ѾҲԸˣ
ǹ˾ΪųҪȥɭ˽ڡ
Ҳ˵һųôеҪһʱȥɭҪĿľΪ˵ڷ뱦ϢҪΪ˹˾棿
رڹ˾ɭƺûʲô£ȥǣñĹҵ֯ɵǵӵǰ£ԷȻDzͬųᰵǸġ
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ڰݼҵĴԪڵʱפؿڳࡢءҲġ誻뱦Լںͷ뱦һŲ֪ʲôϷijСŮ˵˵ԼΪʲôᱻǰɭųᰱͬһԹԹ˵ɳϲſ
Ұ
ӣ֪˻Ϊ˼ôʼأ
Ҳ˵
ȻĴ˾ͻкܶ࣬ԣųᰵүҲһӦһѪز²
ɭʲôı
ɢԺд̷뱦ˣܾܿͼıɭλļһ
飬ǵĹ˾Ҫȥ飬ôͷӦûɣ
Խ˵ҲԽÿףſɳôŲ˵ųᰡ
֪
ų̧ͷƳҲһۡ
˾ڴӣҲ֪ҲϹ
Dzȥ
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ˡ
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ųҲdz˳飬ȻͷȥȥǸҡļһκλˡ
ΪƺãһһԻƺЩԼ
ƺͼֲˣôڸԵλϱŸ첲۹۱DZǹĵģҲ֪Լ黹ոҲǸ۵㡣
˰ɣ
ڣԱһֱҧһ̣ȴڰڳȥĿˣ
ᰰ
˵ʵҲԣ
粻Χͱתģﱦ˳֣Թ˾Ȼ֧֡
Ҫ˾棬ȻҲ֧㰡
ȻȰųͬʱҲϰԵijѾؾǵܵƨ
ɴ˱Կܻ֮ϻĸˣȻ˵붭»;ԲΪ˾˵أǸ¿̰ľګֲ˵ļһȻûݾġ
Ҫףڹ˾ѹȷʵܴ
ЩƺȥȻѹصظˣΪľѹסǣǶã
ǸıǶ֪п϶թΪ˹˾ҲòЭ
Ȼôأ
ɭȷʵǹ˾ģ˾ҲûҪȥʲӵɭǾɴֱӲ£
˵ˣȥҲֻԹ۲ԱݹĦʲôˣȥҲȥǻ粻ȥ
˵꣬һ̯֣ʶͳҪ
ž
Ȼ´ȴط֣Ǹ´Ļ羹˲䱻סˣȻһĵ˲ȫʶش˸æŶijȥ
Ȼ
һ۾Ϳ˶ԭڸ뱦ϷijС棬Ņ̀۲ֿµĿⶢ
ҵæǻ涼ס˵Ĵ̶ϣʾոụ̂ǾֻϰԵĶѡ
ǡ
һǾʲô
ʱվĸؿˡ
һ˵ȥǸأ
еֵġ
óıԵЩ죬ƺǶڲȥɭеЩʧ
Ҳȥ
ǣҼǵ㲻𣿡
ؿڣһֱһŵ誻Ҳؿڲż
ոų᰿˵˵ģȥɭĻǿΣյġ
˼Ҳ֤ܻŻ
Ļ˵ģɭǸ֮أʲô鶼𣡡
˾Ͱˣ
˵ʵֿµĵط誻Լ뷨ѡǿ϶ҲȥΪûȻأգ
֪
ɭǰҾ˵
ұծͶ·ʱ
˵ͻȻͲ֨ˡ
û
뵱Լ̫ɵһȺпӵǷ˼һǰ˵ɭ飬ҪԼеݶ㵽Ǹȥˡ
ҵǣûжһɺ飬ȻԷɲ˱δ壬ֱ洹æеծҪȻֻ¾ûлվˡ
һ˵Ļҿ϶ȥ
ҶȥĻһǻȥģ
˵꣬ظæһʱ俴Ծڸ뱦ϷֻϻʱʱһŸ͡٣٣ȵȹŹִİƳȥ
˼ˣǾǣȻȷʵҲóȥ˼ijЩӵ⣬أʱڰߣŹϵҪõijᲮ˹Ϊ̵ĻͿ϶DzȥǸˮȵ֮úͼʶһġ
ϾDzȥˣҪǵʱ̫ȫƱƱ֤ںס˸ѣȫû커ճĻʱܾȥˡ
ڹ˾
Ǽ磬誻ˣʾûкˣҲûá
˵û
Ȼ˾ҲǶ˵棡
Ǹɴɢ
ʱվܽᲢɢᣬôҲüȥȥʱأų᰷ϵֻ
«ޡ
ǡ
Ȼܿۼؿˣʾıעܹ˾Ǹܡ
ųȻҲƳˣȻ֮һͦɳϱͬʱʾ˱ְŸæֻͨĵʵ
ι
𣿡
ǣ
ųᰣ
ʣʲôԸ
ͬˣ
ǣ
ôͻȻָıˣ
˱仯
ţ
ԭ
С
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ã
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ܿ죬ɫ仯ԭĵֱɼĺ˷ܵų᰼Ųôȥ֤ġ
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Ϣ
ĺϢ
ܿ죬ڹҶ֮ͨųᰲתؿڳЩɻͬͬ鲢
ܸոոıˣ
˵ǿȥɭˣҪһȥһԹ˾ݺ壿
Ϊ
ڸղţϣĦ˹ʽ֪ͨȫ֯˵ǽҪɭֹǸѡʽͬʱӹɭ
ɭսˣ
ˮˣ
ܿǿгͷøӣ˾»ȻۻDzȥ֣ǣȴԸ˵ǰȥĦ
ԡ
λȥʰɣ²˳٣ǽͳ
˵ţųᰱ˷ܵششߴţֱǿ˾
Ȼɣɭѡ߱ųᰲǺܸȤֻҪҵǸʮߡŪԷʵݣԷDzǵ֮ҵʮҴߣܴܲӶԷϵõϢѡ
ȥĦɭѡʽΧ۸ոͨ˵ǡϣĦ˹˾ɭ飬ֻ˳İˡ
ȥɣ
Һǹ˾ˣDzȥġ
ᰣδ˭ȥ
ĶһۣȻЩɥͳɵʵ
ȫ
ڳȫ
ȻųѹͲ룬ֱҲDZĵĿдһӣҲܱ˵̬ȣֱӾľ
Ҳã
ݣȥȥ
֪ɭϵķգڳ˶ȥȷʵǸ˵ͷŲſijԾڸ뱦ϷСŮ沢̽ʵ
Ȼ֪ų᰾Ϳ϶û氲ġ
.
ȥ
b-b
ЩĪΪոæʰǸҲʹֵġҡѹûȥ˵׳ֵ˵Щɶ
ԣųڣ˷׳Ĭij沢ЩԶԡ
ɭ
˶ȥ㣡
ѣųֻøæͲؿʵ
İݴɣ
ǰ棡
Ҳһȥģɣ
ų᰿һûй˾Ϊڹ⣬ɭַ֮أǾȻԽԽȫԽǿԽõġ
ҪаһŰšӹ֡ϾʵΪܵĻǾͻһʧˡ
ȻɣϴȥʮĽȻһȥûзӹʲôã
š
ǿΧһеĿ⣬Ȼ˼һᣬ뵽˶ȥĻһ˴ڼƺҲĵģ
ǣ
ðɣ
=ϣ*
Ǿһȥˣɣ
ԼҲţȥҲõ˵ͷôųظĻһĿע´Ӧ
ޣߣǧǧǵƱŶ
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Ҳ˵ӽ쿪ʼɭŮʵʵɭǸȦߵ۶Ͻ֦ǸЩǰȥԼֱеIJɱ߲ǽɱʣһΪֹ
ɭ֮֯ǹϵԼλڼ䣬ҲǸʽ֮ǰɭ˻֯ǹŵģκʱ˵ǵǰȥ֤ɭǵ
ȻˣҲͬܵɭκα
ΪɭǷ֮أǸϱûκηɣӵҲԶǹҳ㡢ѪĴַ
мڴˣʽڼ䣬λɱ¾ʽʱǸȻͻøΣգκ˶пܱ롮ԼڲߵϮɱΪλijЩͻ֮У
֮
κ˻֯ȥɭǾͱԼİΪԵȫ
ͨ˵ǣλڼ䣬κ˶ϵȥͬʱɭҲʲôܣȥ֤κ˵İȫʳס⣡ʱDzĹԹȺҲΣգȫ˵ϵԼСȥԹϣ
ϾɭŮѾȽ롮ȦȥƴˣɱսάԼȨDZδ֪ݺսɱѾ˾ʽﻹ˵ϱˣ
Ȼ
˵ɭdzΣգǣЩ˾ԾҪȥͱ硭ijϲǷǣÿһֳijųƲҡ˽Ȧͷdz͡𡯵ųᰣ
֮ôȥΪȥͱǸɭ뿪ʱǸɭԱߵɭǡ˹лһҪϢϢǣ
ɭһˣԷɭģǺϵȥģɭȴһֱ鲻ԷϢǸڵǵ֮ǰʹûϳֹһ
Է䡢ȵȣɭǣǡ˹ڣ˺ܶɽǴֻ̽鵽Էϵĺܶطֹңʱмʮôˡ
ɭΩһԿ϶ǣǸˣƺǸųͬһҵˣ˵ҲDZģңƺ˳ƺΪʮߡ
һʼųᰲ֪Ǹɭǡ˹ΪʲôͻȻ¶ϢǵǸǡ˹DZɺ鱳˹ӶʮĽȥģز²⣬ΪǸʮߡܸܿɺ鱳ˣҲǸڹ˾˽Ļ֣ҲǸ֪ʵݵļһйأ
ǣ
һΪ˲κһų᰾Ҳ̲סˣôȲҪܵɭȥȻҪԹҵץסǸʮߡȻٴӶԷĿлϤɺ鱳˵ʵݣ
ܿϧ
ıύȥ˷ܵȥ˾Է̸ʱȴԷز;ܾˡ
Էܾоݣ
ȣػ
ɺĻ֮˵ȻҪڹ˾ܿ¸ҪǣĿǰ˾ϵĺܶ֯ɵ˹Թ˾ɢԺˮ˵ʲôɭʹɱĶͨ˾ڰвͲݣ˵˾ĴѾ쵽ɭ˵˾ʵҪɭɹ˾Ŀܣ
˵϶Ǻ˵˵ʣԷıƳɹˣ˾ʱѹdz⽻ڶ»ᶼɭóƲеĹϵˡ
Σųƺ̫ǻˣÿһطͶdz¼
ľͲ˵ˣһε֮Уԭֻȥŵ̸ʸ飬ɽų᰻ֱӰ˼ŵݶˣŪ˼˵ʮǰһʮ˳
ǵ飬Ҫǹ˾㹻Ҫ˼ܵ㹻ֻ࣬ڹ˽ѾҲԸˣ
ǹ˾ΪųҪȥɭ˽ڡ
Ҳ˵һųôеҪһʱȥɭҪĿľΪ˵ڷ뱦ϢҪΪ˹˾棿
رڹ˾ɭƺûʲô£ȥǣñĹҵ֯ɵǵӵǰ£ԷȻDzͬųᰵǸġ
λ
ˡ
ڰݼҵĴԪڵʱפؿڳࡢءҲġ誻뱦Լںͷ뱦һŲ֪ʲôϷijСŮ˵˵ԼΪʲôᱻǰɭųᰱͬһԹԹ˵ɳϲſ
Ұ
ӣ֪˻Ϊ˼ôʼأ
Ҳ˵
ȻĴ˾ͻкܶ࣬ԣųᰵүҲһӦһѪز²
ɭʲôı
ɢԺд̷뱦ˣܾܿͼıɭλļһ
飬ǵĹ˾Ҫȥ飬ôͷӦûɣ
Խ˵ҲԽÿףſɳôŲ˵ųᰡ
֪
ų̧ͷƳҲһۡ
˾ڴӣҲ֪ҲϹ
Dzȥ
Ұ
ˡ
˵꣬ųּſɳذʺԹСֹţDzҡʸӵ쾡¡
ųҲdz˳飬ȻͷȥȥǸҡļһκλˡ
ΪƺãһһԻƺЩԼ
ƺͼֲˣôڸԵλϱŸ첲۹۱DZǹĵģҲ֪Լ黹ոҲǸ۵㡣
˰ɣ
ڣԱһֱҧһ̣ȴڰڳȥĿˣ
ᰰ
˵ʵҲԣ
粻Χͱתģﱦ˳֣Թ˾Ȼ֧֡
Ҫ˾棬ȻҲ֧㰡
ȻȰųͬʱҲϰԵijѾؾǵܵƨ
ɴ˱Կܻ֮ϻĸˣȻ˵붭»;ԲΪ˾˵أǸ¿̰ľګֲ˵ļһȻûݾġ
Ҫףڹ˾ѹȷʵܴ
ЩƺȥȻѹصظˣΪľѹסǣǶã
ǸıǶ֪п϶թΪ˹˾ҲòЭ
Ȼôأ
ɭȷʵǹ˾ģ˾ҲûҪȥʲӵɭǾɴֱӲ£
˵ˣȥҲֻԹ۲ԱݹĦʲôˣȥҲȥǻ粻ȥ
˵꣬һ̯֣ʶͳҪ
ž
Ȼ´ȴط֣Ǹ´Ļ羹˲䱻סˣȻһĵ˲ȫʶش˸æŶijȥ
Ȼ
һ۾Ϳ˶ԭڸ뱦ϷijС棬Ņ̀۲ֿµĿⶢ
ҵæǻ涼ס˵Ĵ̶ϣʾոụ̂ǾֻϰԵĶѡ
ǡ
һǾʲô
ʱվĸؿˡ
һ˵ȥǸأ
еֵġ
óıԵЩ죬ƺǶڲȥɭеЩʧ
Ҳȥ
ǣҼǵ㲻𣿡
ؿڣһֱһŵ誻Ҳؿڲż
ոų᰿˵˵ģȥɭĻǿΣյġ
˼Ҳ֤ܻŻ
Ļ˵ģɭǸ֮أʲô鶼𣡡
˾Ͱˣ
˵ʵֿµĵط誻Լ뷨ѡǿ϶ҲȥΪûȻأգ
֪
ɭǰҾ˵
ұծͶ·ʱ
˵ͻȻͲ֨ˡ
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뵱Լ̫ɵһȺпӵǷ˼һǰ˵ɭ飬ҪԼеݶ㵽Ǹȥˡ
ҵǣûжһɺ飬ȻԷɲ˱δ壬ֱ洹æеծҪȻֻ¾ûлվˡ
һ˵Ļҿ϶ȥ
ҶȥĻһǻȥģ
˵꣬ظæһʱ俴Ծڸ뱦ϷֻϻʱʱһŸ͡٣٣ȵȹŹִİƳȥ
˼ˣǾǣȻȷʵҲóȥ˼ijЩӵ⣬أʱڰߣŹϵҪõijᲮ˹Ϊ̵ĻͿ϶DzȥǸˮȵ֮úͼʶһġ
ϾDzȥˣҪǵʱ̫ȫƱƱ֤ںס˸ѣȫû커ճĻʱܾȥˡ
ڹ˾
Ǽ磬誻ˣʾûкˣҲûá
˵û
Ȼ˾ҲǶ˵棡
Ǹɴɢ
ʱվܽᲢɢᣬôҲüȥȥʱأų᰷ϵֻ
«ޡ
ǡ
Ȼܿۼؿˣʾıעܹ˾Ǹܡ
ųȻҲƳˣȻ֮һͦɳϱͬʱʾ˱ְŸæֻͨĵʵ
ι
𣿡
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ųᰣ
ʣʲôԸ
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ܿ죬ɫ仯ԭĵֱɼĺ˷ܵų᰼Ųôȥ֤ġ
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ܸոոıˣ
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Ϊ
ڸղţϣĦ˹ʽ֪ͨȫ֯˵ǽҪɭֹǸѡʽͬʱӹɭ
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ˮˣ
ܿǿгͷøӣ˾»ȻۻDzȥ֣ǣȴԸ˵ǰȥĦ
ԡ
λȥʰɣ²˳٣ǽͳ
˵ţųᰱ˷ܵششߴţֱǿ˾
Ȼɣɭѡ߱ųᰲǺܸȤֻҪҵǸʮߡŪԷʵݣԷDzǵ֮ҵʮҴߣܴܲӶԷϵõϢѡ
ȥĦɭѡʽΧ۸ոͨ˵ǡϣĦ˹˾ɭ飬ֻ˳İˡ
ȥɣ
Һǹ˾ˣDzȥġ
ᰣδ˭ȥ
ĶһۣȻЩɥͳɵʵ
ȫ
ڳȫ
ȻųѹͲ룬ֱҲDZĵĿдһӣҲܱ˵̬ȣֱӾľ
Ҳã
ݣȥȥ
֪ɭϵķգڳ˶ȥȷʵǸ˵ͷŲſijԾڸ뱦ϷСŮ沢̽ʵ
Ȼ֪ų᰾Ϳ϶û氲ġ
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ȥ
b-b
ЩĪΪոæʰǸҲʹֵġҡѹûȥ˵׳ֵ˵Щɶ
ԣųڣ˷׳Ĭij沢ЩԶԡ
ɭ
˶ȥ㣡
ѣųֻøæͲؿʵ
İݴɣ
ǰ棡
Ҳһȥģɣ
ų᰿һûй˾Ϊڹ⣬ɭַ֮أǾȻԽԽȫԽǿԽõġ
ҪаһŰšӹ֡ϾʵΪܵĻǾͻһʧˡ
ȻɣϴȥʮĽȻһȥûзӹʲôã
š
ǿΧһеĿ⣬Ȼ˼һᣬ뵽˶ȥĻһ˴ڼƺҲĵģ
ǣ
ðɣ
=ϣ*
Ǿһȥˣɣ
ԼҲţȥҲõ˵ͷôųظĻһĿע´Ӧ
ޣߣǧǧǵƱŶ
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